Ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs is a life-threatening veterinary emergency. This toxic substance, found primarily in antifreeze products, has a sweet taste that attracts dogs. Unfortunately, even a small amount of ingestion can be fatal if not treated quickly. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking immediate veterinary care is essential to save your pet’s life.

What are the symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs?

Ethylene glycol is absorbed rapidly after ingestion. Poisoning progresses through three distinct stages, each with specific clinical signs:

• Stage 1 (30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion):
  • Depression, stumbling, poor coordination
  • Increased thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria)
  • Vomiting, rapid breathing, dehydration
  • Temporary improvement may occur before sudden worsening
• Stage 2 (12 to 24 hours after ingestion):
  • Damage to the heart and lungs
  • Elevated heart rate and respiratory rate
• Stage 3 (24 to 72 hours after ingestion):
  • Acute kidney failure, often fatal
  • Persistent vomiting, loss of appetite, excessive drooling
  • Mouth ulcers, reduced or absent urine output

⚠️ The progression may vary between dogs. Early action greatly improves the chances of survival.

How is ethylene glycol poisoning diagnosed in dogs?

The diagnosis is based on several key factors:

• History of antifreeze exposure
• Presence of characteristic clinical signs
• Blood tests revealing metabolic acidosis and kidney damage
• Detection of specific crystals in the urine between 3 and 6 hours after ingestion
• Fluorescence of antifreeze in the mouth, vomit, or urine under ultraviolet light

What is the treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs?

Immediate treatment is critical for a positive outcome:

• If ingestion occurred within the last 4 hours:
  • Induction of vomiting (if safe and recommended by a veterinarian)
  • Administration of medications to limit intestinal absorption
• Intravenous antidote:
  • Most effective if given within 8 to 18 hours after ingestion
• Supportive care:
  • IV fluids to maintain hydration and organ perfusion
  • Correction of metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia
  • Diuretics to promote urine production
• In severe cases of kidney failure:
  • Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be required if available

Prognosis and prevention

The prognosis is good if treatment begins before kidney damage occurs. However, once acute kidney failure develops, the outcome becomes much more uncertain.

To prevent ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs:

• Store antifreeze and other products containing ethylene glycol safely out of your pet’s reach
• Clean up spills immediately
• Choose pet-safe antifreeze products whenever possible

Prevention is the most effective way to protect your dog from this deadly toxin.