Domestic guinea pig care begins with understanding the history and needs of this affectionate and social rodent. Originally from the Andes mountains of South America, guinea pigs were first domesticated by the Incas for food and rituals. They were later brought to Europe in the 16th century, where they became lab animals before gaining popularity as pets. Today, they are beloved for their gentle behavior and manageable needs, making them ideal companions for many families.
General characteristics
- Family: Caviidae
- Order: Rodentia
- Size: 22 to 35 cm
- Weight: 700 to 1200 g
- Body: short, compact with a broad head, no visible tail
- Lifespan: 5 to 7 years (longer with proper care)
Reproduction and development
Guinea pigs have a unique reproductive cycle compared to other rodents:
- Gestation: 59 to 72 days (relatively long)
- Litter size: typically 1 to 4, but up to 13
- Birth weight: 70 to 110 g
- Newborns are precocial: born with fur, open eyes, and ready to move
💡 Baby guinea pigs are fully developed at birth and require little maternal assistance.
Common health problems
Like any pet, guinea pigs are prone to certain health issues:
- Gastrointestinal stasis: due to stress or poor diet
- Dental malocclusion: overgrown teeth can cause feeding issues
- Bladder stones: more common in males, often linked to high-calcium diets
- External parasites: mites and lice cause itching and hair loss
- Vitamin C deficiency: daily supplementation is crucial
- Ovarian cysts: common in older females, may cause hormonal imbalances
🩺 Routine vet care is essential for early detection and treatment.
Preventive care and wellbeing
To keep your guinea pig happy and healthy:
- 🥦 Balanced diet: unlimited hay, fresh veggies, daily vitamin C
- 🏠 Clean, spacious habitat: flat-bottom cage, hiding spots, chew toys
- 👩⚕️ Annual veterinary checkups: essential for long-term health
Domestic guinea pig care is simple but essential. With a proper diet, clean environment, and regular health monitoring, these gentle rodents make loyal and joyful companions for many years.
