Pacheco’s disease in birds is a serious viral infection caused by a herpesvirus. It primarily affects parrots from Central and South America. Although relatively rare, this disease is highly contagious and often fatal. Understanding how it spreads, what symptoms to watch for, and how to prevent it is essential to protecting your birds.
Transmission: a highly contagious virus
Infected birds shed the virus in their:
- Droppings
- Respiratory secretions
The virus spreads through:
- Direct or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces (perches, toys, feeding bowls)
- Humans, who can carry the virus on clothes, hands, or shoes
To prevent spread:
- Change clothes after contact with unknown birds
- Wash hands thoroughly before and after handling birds
The virus survives well on surfaces, making even indirect exposure dangerous.
Clinical signs of Pacheco’s disease: symptoms vary by strain
Symptoms usually appear 3 to 14 days after exposure.
Progressive form (low virulence):
- Increased droppings (polyuria)
- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Sneezing, nasal discharge
- Liver, spleen, or pancreas involvement
- Some birds remain asymptomatic carriers
Fulminant form (high virulence):
- Sudden death, often within hours
- Few or no warning signs
- Often mistaken for unexplained or “overnight” death
Diagnosis: a combined testing approach
Accurate diagnosis requires multiple tests:
- PCR testing on blood, cloacal or choanal swabs
- Often included in the “4P” screening (Pacheco, psittacosis, PBFD, polyomavirus)
- Antibody testing to detect past or recent exposure
- Post-mortem analysis in cases of sudden death (often the only way to confirm fulminant cases)
Treatment: limited options, cautious outlook
Prognosis depends on the strain and speed of intervention.
- Supportive care: fluids, antibiotics, immune support
- Antiviral medications: may reduce mortality, but are less effective in acute forms
Sadly, many fulminant cases progress too rapidly for effective treatment.
Prevention: essential protective steps
There is no vaccine available in Quebec for Pacheco’s disease. Prevention relies on strict protocols:
- Preemptive testing of all new birds
- Quarantine for at least 30 days before introducing new birds
- Rigorous hygiene: daily cleaning, disinfecting accessories, washing hands before and after handling
Need advice from a bird vet?
Concerned about Pacheco’s disease or want to test your bird? Contact our veterinary team for guidance and support. We’re here to help protect the health of your feathered companions.
