Understanding normal physiological values in dogs is essential for monitoring their health and detecting potential issues early. Whether it’s respiratory rate, heart rate, or blood pressure, these key indicators help assess your dog’s well-being. By knowing the normal physiological values in dogs, you can quickly identify any abnormalities and take the necessary steps to ensure your pet stays healthy.
Body temperature
A dog’s normal body temperature ranges from 37.5 to 39.2 degrees Celsius. In case of fever or hypothermia, it is essential to consult a veterinarian. Temperature can be taken by ear or rectal route, the latter being more accurate in case of abnormal values.
Respiratory Rate
The respiratory rate (RR) ranges between 10 and 30 breaths per minute. However, this value may increase in stressful situations. For example, during a car ride or in the presence of other animals, your dog might breathe faster.
Heart Rate
As for the heart rate (HR), it varies between 60 and 180 beats per minute. Generally, small dogs have a higher heart rate than large dogs. HR can be measured using a stethoscope or by palpating the pulse at the femoral artery.
Capillary Refill Time
Capillary refill time (CRT) is also an indicator of blood circulation. A normal CRT is 2 seconds or less. This test can sometimes be difficult to interpret in dogs with very pale oral mucous membranes.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) in dogs ranges between 90 and 120 mm Hg. A manometer connected to a cuff is used to measure this pressure. It is important to place the cuff at heart level to obtain accurate results.
Blood Volume
Regarding blood volume, it represents 75 to 90 ml per kg of body weight. This data is useful in critical situations, such as shock. It helps determine the exact amount of intravenous fluid to administer.
Urine Specific Gravity
Urine specific gravity (USG) should be above 1.035. A lower density may indicate kidney problems. Normal urine production is 1 to 2 ml per kg per hour. Excessive production may be a sign of polyuria, while a low output could indicate oliguria.
Urine pH
Urine pH ranges between 5 and 7.5. It is mainly influenced by diet. Meat acidifies urine, while grains and vegetables make it more alkaline.
Water Consumption
Normal water consumption in a dog is 50 to 60 ml per kg per day. If your dog drinks more, it may indicate polydipsia. Conversely, insufficient consumption can be a sign of dehydration.
Gestation in Dogs
Regarding gestation, the duration varies between 57 and 72 days. The period may be longer in giant breeds or if only one puppy is carried. Pregnancy can be confirmed by ultrasound from the 24th day.
Puppy Development
Puppy development occurs gradually. For example, they open their eyes between 2 and 16 days and begin crawling between 7 and 14 days. Their ability to walk with agility develops around 21 days. The eruption of puppy teeth begins with the incisors at 3 to 4 weeks and completes with adult teeth at 5 to 6 months.
Conclusion
Knowing normal physiological values for dogs is essential for maintaining their health. These benchmarks help detect any variation that may indicate a health issue. For example, monitoring body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate is crucial. Additionally, other vital parameters, such as urine specific gravity, can be important indicators. If you notice any abnormalities, it is recommended to consult your veterinarian promptly.
