Description

Pica is a behavioral disorder characterized by the ingestion of non-edible objects. This behavior can include coprophagia, or the consumption of feces. While pica is considered abnormal, coprophagia may be natural in certain contexts—for example, mother cats ingest their kittens’ feces to stimulate elimination. In kittens, this behavior may be part of normal exploration.

Feces from herbivores, which contain partially digested plant material, can be especially appealing. When a cat eats its own feces, it may be trying to avoid punishment, seek attention, or clean its environment. This behavior may also be associated with anxiety or compulsive disorders.

Causes

Medical causes of pica in cats include:

• Anemia (low red blood cell count)
• Malnutrition or increased hunger
• Hyperthyroidism and diabetes
• Digestive issues such as pancreatic insufficiency or inflammatory bowel disease
• Intestinal parasites and infections
• Neurological disorders
• Side effects of appetite-stimulating medications

Risk Factors for Pica in Cats

Some cats are more prone to pica due to environmental and genetic factors. Cats confined without adequate stimulation are more likely to ingest non-edible items. Oriental breeds, early-weaned cats, and those on low-fiber diets also face a higher risk.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on a thorough history and clinical exam. Diet, environment, and medical history must be evaluated. Depending on symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, bad breath, weight loss, neurological signs), further diagnostic tests may be necessary.

Lab Tests and Imaging

Blood tests can detect anemia, nutritional imbalances, or hormonal issues such as hyperthyroidism. Fecal analysis helps identify parasites. If digestive obstruction is suspected, X-rays or ultrasound may be recommended.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Medical origin:

• Treat the underlying disease
• Discontinue appetite-stimulating medications if applicable
• Address nutritional deficiencies

Behavioral origin:

• Restrict access to non-edible objects
• Provide safe alternatives like chew toys
• Modify the environment to reduce stress and boredom
• Ignore attention-seeking behaviors

If anxiety is a contributing factor, environmental enrichment, regular exercise, and potentially anti-anxiety medication may be needed.

In cases of coprophagia:

• Promptly clean up feces
• Use a muzzle if necessary
• Reward the cat with food after defecation
• Improve food digestibility

In some cases, applying a bitter-tasting substance to preferred objects may help deter ingestion. If the behavior persists, consulting a veterinary behaviorist is recommended.

Conclusion

Pica and coprophagia can stem from various medical or behavioral causes. Early and appropriate intervention is key to preventing complications. If your cat exhibits these behaviors, consult your veterinarian for a thorough diagnosis and customized treatment plan.