Urate crystals in dogs are mineral formations that appear in urine. When these crystals clump together, they can form urinary stones (urolithiasis). Certain breeds, notably Dalmatians, English Bulldogs, and Yorkshire Terriers, are predisposed. These crystals can lead to complications if not identified and treated promptly.

Causes and Risk Factors

Urate crystals occur when the body poorly eliminates uric acid. In Dalmatians, a genetic mutation prevents the normal conversion of uric acid into allantoin, promoting accumulation in urine. Other contributing factors include:

Symptoms and Diagnosis

A dog with urate crystals may exhibit symptoms such as:

• Difficulty urinating (dysuria)
• Frequent urination in small amounts (pollakiuria)
• Blood in urine (hematuria)
• Lethargy and abdominal discomfort
• Excessive licking of genital areas

In severe cases, crystals can cause urinary blockage, preventing urine elimination—a veterinary emergency potentially fatal without immediate treatment.

To diagnose urate crystals, veterinarians will perform:

• Urinalysis to identify crystals and assess urine pH
• Radiography or ultrasound to detect possible stones in the bladder or urethra
• Blood tests to identify associated liver abnormalities

Treatment and Prevention of urate crystals in dogs

Treatment depends on severity. Early detection of crystals may be managed effectively with a specialized low-purine diet and increased hydration, reducing urinary uric acid concentration.

However, if stones develop and cause urinary blockage, surgery or lithotripsy (stone fragmentation) becomes necessary.

Regular monitoring is crucial. Periodic urine analyses, an adapted diet, and proper hydration significantly decrease recurrence risks.

If your dog shows signs of urinary problems, consult your veterinarian immediately.