Dog pregnancy and delivery involve several important steps to ensure the health of both the mother and her puppies. This guide walks you through each phase, from mating to whelping, with practical veterinary tips to support a safe and successful process.

Choosing the Right Time for Mating

Mating is ideally done on day 9 after the start of the heat cycle. It’s recommended to repeat the mating on days 9, 11, and 13, when the female is most fertile and receptive. Signs of fertility include vulvar swelling and bloody discharge, usually lasting around 20 days.

Before mating, a veterinary check-up is essential to confirm both dogs are healthy and free of transmissible diseases.

Nutrition During Pregnancy

During the first 1 to 5 weeks of gestation, no dietary change is needed if the female is at an ideal weight. For small and medium breeds, start pediatric food from week 4. For large breeds, introduce it as early as the time of mating. From week 5 onward, gradually increase food portions by 15–25%.

No supplementation is required if you’re feeding a high-quality diet—unless recommended by your vet.

Duration and Signs of Pregnancy

Pregnancy usually lasts between 56 and 69 days from the mating date. By week 6, mammary glands begin to swell, and appetite may decline. Offering smaller, frequent meals can help maintain nutritional intake.

Veterinary Monitoring and Exams

• Ultrasound from day 21 confirms pregnancy and fetal health.
• X-rays after day 45 help determine the number and position of the puppies.
• Temperature checks are key: a drop below 37.3°C (99.1°F) signals labor within 24 hours.

Signs of Imminent Labor

Look for these symptoms:

• Nesting behavior
• Restlessness
• Loss of appetite
• Vaginal discharge
• Rapid breathing
• Decreased temperature
• Whining or vocalization

Labor typically lasts 24 to 30 hours. The first puppy is usually born 1 to 3 hours after contractions begin.

Dystocia: When to Seek Help

Call your vet if:

• Pregnancy exceeds 65 days
• Strong contractions last over 3 hours without delivery
• Labor pauses after the first puppy
• Temperature drops below 37.7°C (99.9°F) with no delivery within 24 hours

Your vet may perform an ultrasound or X-ray to assess the position and viability of the puppies. If necessary, oxytocin or a C-section may be recommended.

Newborn Puppy Care

Key milestones:

• Eyes open: 10–12 days
• Ears open: 13–15 days
• Walking begins: around 21 days
• Urine control: by 16–21 days

Ensure the puppies are kept warm and well-fed. If the mother doesn’t care for them, you’ll need to assist with feeding and help stimulate elimination.

In summary, successful dog pregnancy and delivery require close monitoring, proper nutrition, and timely veterinary care. With good preparation and regular check-ups, you can help ensure the safety and health of both the mother and her pups.