What Is a Corneal Ulcer?

A corneal ulcer is a common eye condition resulting from damage to the outer layer of the cornea, known as the corneal epithelium. Depending on severity, the tissue loss may extend into the underlying corneal stroma, complicating healing. This condition is very painful for pets, typically manifesting as blepharospasm (involuntary eyelid blinking) and increased tear production.

Main Causes of Corneal Ulcers in Pets

Various factors may cause corneal ulcers, including:

• Trauma (impacts, scratches, excessive rubbing)
• Chemical agents (alkaline, acidic, detergents)
• Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections (e.g., feline herpesvirus)
• Tear production problems (insufficient tears)
• Eyelid or eyelash abnormalities (entropion, trichiasis)
• Foreign bodies (dust, grass awns)
• Incomplete eyelid closure (common in brachycephalic breeds, facial nerve paralysis, trigeminal nerve injuries)

Diagnosing a Corneal Ulcer in Pets

A complete ophthalmic examination is essential to identify the cause and severity of the ulcer. Veterinarians perform several tests, including:

• Fluorescein stain test: A simple test that highlights ulcers by staining damaged corneal areas.
• Schirmer tear test: Measures tear production to detect insufficient tears.
• Additional tests: Depending on the situation, bacterial cultures, cytology, corneal scrapings, or biopsies might be needed to pinpoint the exact cause.

Available Treatments

Treatment varies based on ulcer severity and underlying causes. Common treatments include:

• Antibiotic eye drops to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections
• Topical atropine to relieve pain and reduce ocular spasms
• Anti-inflammatory medications as necessary to minimize discomfort

In more complex cases, additional therapeutic options may be considered, such as:

• Autologous serum to promote healing
• Antifungal or antiviral medications for specific infections
• Surgical interventions (conjunctival graft, tarsorrhaphy) to protect the eye and facilitate healing

Potential Complications of Corneal Ulcer in Pets

Without prompt or proper treatment, several complications may arise:

• Corneal perforation, potentially requiring emergency surgery
• Corneal scarring causing reduced vision
• Corneal pigmentation affecting eye transparency
• Corneal sequestrum (especially in cats)
• Complete vision loss in severe infections or advanced perforations

The Importance of Veterinary Follow-Up

A simple corneal ulcer can quickly progress to a more severe condition without proper management. It’s crucial to adhere strictly to prescribed treatments and attend follow-up appointments to monitor healing progress.

If your pet exhibits symptoms of eye irritation, do not delay! Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital for preserving your pet’s vision and overall well-being.