Definition

Feline infectious anemia treatment is crucial to address a parasitic infection affecting cats’ red blood cells, caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis or Mycoplasma haemominutum. These parasites damage the red blood cells, reducing their lifespan. The immune system then destroys infected cells, leading to anemia.

No predisposition related to age, gender, or breed has been identified. Main risk factors include:

• Outdoor access.
• Contact with other cats.
• Exposure to fleas, ticks, or mosquitoes.
• Underlying feline leukemia infection.
• Immunosuppression.

The parasite spreads from mothers to kittens, through cat bites, blood transfusions, or via vectors such as fleas and ticks.

Clinical Signs

The disease can manifest acutely, chronically, or subclinically. Symptoms vary depending on anemia severity and progression, including:

• Weakness and anorexia.
• Weight loss.
• Fever.
• Increased heart and respiratory rates.
• Mental depression.
• Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen).
• Jaundiced mucous membranes.

In severe cases, sudden death may occur.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing feline infectious anemia involves differentiating it from other anemia causes, such as:

• Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
• Heinz body anemia.
• Internal or external hemorrhage.
• Feline leukemia infection.

Diagnostic tests include:

• Blood smear: detects parasites in fewer than 50% of cases.
• Complete blood count (CBC): reveals regenerative anemia, increased white blood cells.
• Biochemistry: occasionally elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin.
• Medical imaging: identifies complications or predisposing factors.
• Screening for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): excludes concurrent infections.

Treatment

Feline infectious anemia treatment combines several approaches:

• Antibiotics administered for 2 to 4 weeks, based on clinical response.
• Temporary corticosteroids to limit immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells.
• Supportive care, including fluid therapy, assisted nutrition for anorexic cats, and blood transfusions if necessary.

Despite treatment, some cats remain parasite carriers, leading to possible recurrences during periods of stress or immunosuppression.

Prevention

To prevent feline infectious anemia:

• Keep cats indoors.
• Neuter cats to reduce aggressive behaviors.
• Regularly control parasites (fleas, ticks) for cats with outdoor access.