Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common spinal condition in dogs that can cause severe pain and mobility issues. Recognizing the symptoms and understanding the causes and treatment options can help your dog recover and maintain a good quality of life.

What Is a Herniated Disc?

The spine is made up of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. Each disc has:

• A soft inner core (nucleus pulposus)
• A tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus)

A herniated disc occurs when the disc bulges or ruptures, compressing the spinal cord. This can happen at various points along the spine but is most common in the cervical (neck) or thoracolumbar (lower back) regions. Over time, the discs can harden and lose flexibility, leading to pain and nerve damage.

Types of Disc Herniation in Dogs

There are two main types of intervertebral disc disease in dogs:

• Type I (Hansen Type I): More common in small breeds like Dachshunds, Beagles, and Poodles. It involves a sudden rupture of the disc due to early degeneration.
• Type II (Hansen Type II): Typically seen in large breeds like Labradors and German Shepherds. It’s a slow, chronic condition where the disc bulges without fully rupturing, often affecting older dogs.

Symptoms of IVDD

The symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the location and severity of the herniation:

• Reluctance to climb stairs or jump
• Sudden yelping when picked up or moved
• Trembling, reduced appetite, or behavioral changes due to pain
• Weakness, lack of coordination, or even paralysis in advanced cases

Sometimes, early episodes of pain may be warning signs of an impending disc herniation.

How Is a Herniated Disc Diagnosed?

Your vet will consider your dog’s breed, age, and medical history. While X-rays can rule out other conditions like fractures or tumors, they may not clearly show the herniation. Advanced imaging such as MRI or CT scans is often needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the best course of treatment, especially if surgery is considered.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type of herniation and the severity of clinical signs. Two main options are available:

Surgical Treatment
Surgery is the most effective way to relieve spinal cord compression. It significantly reduces pain and lowers the risk of recurrence. Early intervention is key—dogs treated promptly often recover fully.

Medical Management
This approach includes strict rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and muscle relaxants. It is typically reserved for mild cases or when surgery is not an option. However, it only manages symptoms and does not resolve the herniation. Long-term risks include recurrent episodes and possible paralysis.

Prognosis

• Type I hernias: Prognosis is generally excellent if surgery is performed promptly.
• Type II hernias: Prognosis is more guarded, regardless of treatment. Dogs with deep paralysis need urgent surgery for the best chance of recovery.

Conclusion

If you suspect your dog has intervertebral disc disease, don’t delay—consult your veterinarian promptly. Whether treated medically or surgically, early diagnosis and care can greatly improve your dog’s comfort and long-term outcome. Paying close attention to signs of pain can help you act in time to avoid serious complications.