Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato. This condition primarily affects dogs and can be transmitted through direct contact with the urine or bodily fluids of infected animals. Indirect transmission is also possible via contaminated water or food, making leptospirosis in dogs a public health concern as well.

How Is Leptospirosis Transmitted?

Dogs contract leptospirosis by coming into contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated environments—especially standing water. The bacteria enter the body through mucous membranes or damaged skin, then quickly spread through the bloodstream. Hunting dogs, working dogs, and herding breeds are particularly at risk due to their exposure to moist environments.

Common Symptoms of Leptospirosis in Dogs

Symptoms can vary in severity. The most frequently observed signs include:

• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Fever

The most common complication is kidney failure. Other potential symptoms include abdominal pain, jaundice, and respiratory distress. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment.

Diagnosing Leptospirosis in Dogs

Multiple diagnostic tests are often necessary to confirm leptospirosis. Key options include:

• WITNESS® Lepto test: Detects IgM antibodies within the first week of infection.
• Bloodwork: May reveal organ damage or inflammation.
• Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT): The most common test to detect specific antibodies. However, it may be negative in the early stages, requiring repeated testing.
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects the bacteria’s DNA in blood, urine, or tissue samples (kidneys, liver, etc.).

PCR testing is particularly useful when:

• Previous test results are inconclusive or the dog was recently vaccinated (since PCR is not affected by antibody levels).
• The infection needs to be detected in its earliest stages—before the body produces antibodies.

How Is Leptospirosis Treated?

Prompt treatment significantly improves the chances of recovery. Key interventions include:

• Antibiotics to eliminate the infection
• IV fluids to address dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
• Antiemetics and stomach protectants to support comfort
• Hemodialysis may be needed in severe cases of kidney failure

Early detection leads to a more favorable prognosis and reduces the need for intensive care.

Preventing Leptospirosis in Dogs

Prevention involves several essential measures:

• Vaccination: Strongly recommended in high-risk regions.
• Rodent control: Especially important in kennels and rural areas.
• Avoiding stagnant water: Prevents indirect contact with contaminated sources.
• Hygiene: Proper handling and sanitation reduce infection risks.

Leptospirosis Is a Zoonotic Disease

Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans, making it a zoonotic disease. Veterinarians, farmers, travelers, and water sports enthusiasts are particularly at risk.

To minimize exposure:

• Wear gloves when cleaning up after a sick pet
• Wash hands thoroughly after handling animals
• Disinfect surfaces that may have been contaminated

If humans show flu-like symptoms after exposure to an infected dog, it is vital to consult a healthcare provider promptly.

Conclusion

Leptospirosis is a serious yet preventable disease. By vaccinating your dog, maintaining good hygiene, and limiting contact with contaminated water, you can greatly reduce the risk of infection. If you suspect leptospirosis, contact your veterinarian immediately—early diagnosis is key to successful treatment.