Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, commonly known as Addison’s disease, affects the adrenal glands located above the kidneys. These glands produce vital hormones such as cortisone and aldosterone, which play a key role in maintaining the body’s balance.

Two Types of Hypoadrenocorticism

There are two main forms of the disease:

• Primary Hypoadrenocorticism: Results from direct dysfunction of the adrenal glands, reducing cortisone and aldosterone production.
• Secondary Hypoadrenocorticism: Occurs when the pituitary gland in the brain produces insufficient ACTH, causing adrenal gland atrophy.

Predisposed Breeds and Common Symptoms

Certain breeds are more prone to developing this condition, including Great Danes, Poodles, and West Highland White Terriers. Symptoms generally develop slowly and include:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• General weakness

About 17% of affected animals also exhibit trembling.

Addisonian Crisis: A Medical Emergency

An Addisonian crisis is a critical emergency that can occur suddenly, marked by severe vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and dangerously low blood pressure, potentially leading to shock.

Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Tests

During veterinary examination, clinical signs such as muscle weakness, dehydration, and low body temperature may be observed. Blood tests commonly reveal anemia, hypoglycemia, and electrolyte imbalances, notably low sodium levels.

Importance of Cortisone and Aldosterone

Cortisone helps regulate blood pressure and blood sugar levels, while aldosterone controls sodium and water balance. Deficiency in these hormones disrupts bodily balance, leading to severe symptoms.

Causes of Hypoadrenocorticism

Causes vary depending on the type:

• Primary form: Usually triggered by an autoimmune reaction destroying adrenal glands.
• Secondary form: Generally results from pituitary gland dysfunction.

Diagnosis and Confirmation

Diagnosis relies on clinical signs and laboratory tests, notably the ACTH stimulation test, essential for confirming diagnosis and assessing adrenal gland function.

Short-term Treatment and Management

In an Addisonian crisis, immediate treatment includes intravenous fluids and glucocorticoids to restore body balance. Transfusions or antibiotics may also be necessary depending on the animal’s condition.

Long-term Treatment and Follow-up of Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs

After the crisis is controlled, lifelong treatment is typically required. Dogs need glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid supplements to compensate for insufficient hormone production. Regular veterinary monitoring is crucial for adjusting medication dosages according to the dog’s health.

Conclusion: Normal Life with Proper Management

Despite diagnostic complexity, dogs can lead normal lives with proper treatment and regular monitoring. With effective hormone management and ongoing veterinary care, hypoadrenocorticism can be successfully controlled.