A corneal ulcer in dogs is a common eye condition characterized by a loss of continuity in the corneal epithelium, often accompanied by damage to the underlying corneal stroma. This painful condition typically leads to squinting (blepharospasm) and excessive tear production. Multiple factors can cause corneal ulcers, including trauma, infections, and tear production abnormalities.

Causes of Corneal Ulcers

Several factors may lead to the formation of corneal ulcer in dogs, including:

• Trauma: Physical injuries to the eye.
• Chemical Agents: Exposure to alkaline substances, acids, or detergents.
• Infections: Viral (e.g., herpesvirus in cats), bacterial, or fungal infections.
• Tear Issues: Inadequate tear production.
• Eyelid or Eyelash Abnormalities: Poor eyelid conformation.
• Foreign Bodies: Foreign objects lodged in the eye.
• Eyelid Closure Problems: Common in brachycephalic breeds or facial paralysis cases.

Diagnosis of Corneal Ulcers

A comprehensive eye exam is essential for diagnosing corneal ulcers. During this examination, the veterinarian may identify predisposing factors. Ophthalmic dyes such as fluorescein help localize the ulcer. Additional tests, including the Schirmer tear test (measuring tear production), cultures, cytology, scrapings, or biopsies, may be necessary to determine the ulcer’s cause.

Treatment for Corneal Ulcers

Treatment aims to prevent complications and relieve pain. Typically prescribed treatments include:

• Topical antibiotics: To prevent or treat infections.
• Atropine: To alleviate pain and aid healing.
• Anti-inflammatory medications: To reduce pain and inflammation.

For more complex cases, specific treatments may be required, such as:

• Autogenous serum: Promotes healing.
• Antifungals or antivirals: Depending on the ulcer’s cause.
• Surgery: To repair the cornea in severe cases.

Potential Complications

Without appropriate treatment, corneal ulcers can cause severe complications, including:

• Corneal perforation: Risking total eye loss.
• Scarring or corneal pigmentation: Affecting vision.
• Corneal sequestrum: Formation of dead tissue on the cornea.
• Reduced or lost vision: If the ulcer is not promptly treated.

Conclusion

Corneal ulcers in dogs can rapidly worsen, making timely and rigorous treatment essential. If you suspect your pet has a corneal ulcer, seek veterinary care immediately to avoid severe complications.