Dry eye in dogs, medically known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is an inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva due to insufficient tear production. It is a common eye condition, affecting approximately 1% of dogs, particularly those over 7 years old. Breeds such as American Cocker Spaniels, Bulldogs, and West Highland White Terriers are more susceptible. This condition is rare in cats.
Clinical Signs
Symptoms of dry eye typically include pain, squinting (blepharospasm), redness, and swelling of the conjunctiva. Mucous or mucopurulent discharge is common. In advanced stages, corneal ulcers may develop. Left untreated, dry eye can lead to partial or complete vision loss.
Possible Causes of Dry Eye in Dogs
Dry eye in dogs can result from autoimmune diseases, congenital factors, neurological issues, or certain medications. Additional causes include surgical removal of the nictitating gland, systemic diseases, and chronic infections.
Diagnosis: Identifying Dry Eye
Diagnosis is made through tests such as the Schirmer tear test, measuring tear production levels. A fluorescein test helps detect corneal ulcers. Further examinations may be needed to determine the underlying cause.
Treatment for Dry Eye in Dogs
Treatment aims to stimulate tear production and keep the eye moist. Cyclosporine is the preferred medication, effectively improving tear production in about 80% of cases. Other drugs, like tacrolimus, might be considered if cyclosporine is ineffective. Artificial tears and lubricating ointments are also used to maintain corneal moisture.
Surgical Option: Parotid Duct Transposition
If medical treatments fail, surgery might be an option. Parotid duct transposition lubricates the eye using secretions from the parotid gland. Though the procedure carries risks, it is rarely required due to the high effectiveness of medical treatments.
