Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits is a relatively common disease caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidian parasite. It is primarily transmitted through ingestion of spores present in the urine of infected rabbits. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus is also possible. Many rabbits remain asymptomatic carriers, but illness may occur after stress or immunosuppression, particularly in older or immunocompromised individuals.
Clinical signs of Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits
Symptoms vary and often include:
- Head tilt
- Circling or loss of balance
- Seizures or partial paralysis
- Cataracts or signs of kidney dysfunction
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves:
- Physical examination and neurological assessment
- Imaging (X-rays, CT scan, or MRI)
- Blood tests for antibodies (exposure only, not active infection)
- Blood chemistry to assess kidney function
- Clinical improvement after antiparasitic treatment
Treatment options
Treatment includes:
- Fenbendazole (antiparasitic)
- Supportive care: fluids and assisted feeding
- Ocular treatment if needed
- Blood monitoring due to rare side effects
Recovery varies. Some rabbits heal fully, while others have lingering symptoms or relapses.
Prevention and hygiene
- Clean cages regularly
- Avoid exposure to contaminated urine
- Isolate infected rabbits
- Wash hands after handling
Zoonotic risk
Although encephalitozoonosis is a zoonosis, the risk to humans is very low. Only severely immunocompromised individuals may be at risk.
If your rabbit shows neurological signs, seek veterinary advice promptly to improve prognosis and quality of life.
