Fractures in pets are common injuries in veterinary medicine. They may be primary, caused by trauma, or secondary, resulting from underlying conditions such as bone tumors. Regardless of the cause, fractures are extremely painful and require prompt veterinary attention.

Types of Fractures in Animals

Fractures are classified based on several factors:

• Number of fragments: Simple (one fracture line) or comminuted (multiple bone pieces)
• Location: Bone affected (e.g., femur, humerus, tibia) and the specific part (diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis)
• Joint involvement: Articular (involving the joint) or non-articular, often classified using the Salter-Harris system (Types I–V)
• Displacement: Direction of displacement is based on the position of the distal bone segment
• Reducibility: Whether the bone can be realigned anatomically
• Open vs. closed: Open fractures break through the skin, increasing infection risk

Diagnosing Fractures in Dogs and Cats

A physical and orthopedic examination can reveal signs such as severe lameness, swelling, instability, or pain upon palpation.

Digital X-rays are the preferred diagnostic tool. Multiple views help assess the fracture in 3D. In cases involving potential tumors or complex fragmentation, a CT scan may provide additional clarity.

Treatment Options for Fractures

The main goal of treatment is to realign the bone fragments to ensure optimal healing. Treatment methods include:

1. Closed Reduction (Non-surgical)

This involves realigning the bone without surgery, followed by external immobilization, such as:

• Cast: Suitable for stable fractures. Requires regular monitoring and changes.
• External fixator: A metal frame connected to pins inserted in the bone. Used for complex or open fractures.

2. Open Reduction (Surgical)

For unstable or complex fractures, surgical intervention with internal implants is required:

• Plates and screws: Provide strong stabilization, especially for long bone and joint fractures.
• Intramedullary pins: Inserted into the bone cavity to stabilize diaphyseal fractures.
• Cerclage wires: Metal wires wrapped around the bone for long, oblique fractures.

3. Amputation

In certain cases, such as irreparable fractures or in animals with concurrent health issues, amputation may be the best option. Pets often adapt well to life with three limbs.

Factors Influencing Treatment Choice

Several elements help determine the ideal treatment approach:

• Mechanical factors: Number of affected limbs, animal’s weight, fracture stability
• Biological factors: Age, overall health, local blood supply
• Clinical factors: Animal temperament, owner’s ability to provide post-op care, financial considerations

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Regardless of the treatment method, proper recovery is vital. Strict rest is required until the veterinarian approves gradual return to activity. Physical therapy may be recommended to restore full limb function.

With proper treatment and follow-up, most animals can regain excellent mobility and quality of life.