What is Gingivostomatitis?
Gingivostomatitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the gums and oral mucosa of cats. While all breeds can be affected, purebred cats such as Abyssinians, Burmese, Himalayans, Persians, and Siamese are particularly predisposed. The condition varies in severity and presents noticeable symptoms.
Symptoms of Gingivostomatitis in Cats
Cats suffering from gingivostomatitis commonly exhibit:
- Redness and swelling of gums.
- Proliferation of granular tissue around teeth.
- Ulcerations on gums and oral mucosa.
- Bad breath.
- Difficulty eating and loss of appetite.
- Weight loss.
- Increased salivation.
These symptoms may extend to the glossopalatine arches, posterior palate, and pharynx, intensifying inflammation and discomfort.
Causes of Gingivostomatitis in Cats
Gingivostomatitis can be linked to several factors:
- Plaque and tartar accumulation: Bacterial infections due to poor oral hygiene are the main cause of periodontal disease.
- Altered immune response:
- Immune deficiencies, hereditary or acquired, can weaken the animal’s defenses, often associated with viral infections (feline leukemia virus), nutritional deficiencies, hormonal disorders, or stress.
- Immune hypersensitivity, similar to an allergic response to dental plaque components, can also occur.
- Viral infections: Calicivirus and FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus).
Radiographs may show dental resorptions and retained root fragments. Biopsies often reveal infiltration of gums by immune cells like lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Immune Syndromes in Juvenile Cats
Juvenile feline gingivitis:
- Primarily affects Abyssinians and Persians.
- Results in gum proliferation without plaque or tartar buildup, often covering tooth crowns as they erupt.
Juvenile periodontitis:
- Commonly seen in Siamese, Maine Coons, and domestic cats.
- Characterized by rapid plaque and tartar buildup, dental resorptions, gingival recession, and periodontal pocket formation.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Gingivostomatitis in Cats
An accurate diagnosis involves:
- Blood and urine analyses.
- Radiographs to detect dental and bone abnormalities.
- Oral inspection to assess condition severity.
Treatment options include:
- Dental cleaning: Professional scaling and cleaning to remove plaque and tartar.
- Management of underlying conditions: Address nutritional deficiencies, manage stress, or treat viral infections.
- Tooth extractions: Required in severe periodontal disease or dental resorption cases.
- Balanced nutrition: A high-quality diet helps maintain oral health.
Conclusion
Gingivostomatitis is a painful condition requiring prompt attention. Regular oral hygiene combined with proper veterinary care can significantly enhance your cat’s quality of life.
